Hallmarks of Aging
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The twelve López-Otín 2023 hallmarks (genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, disabled macroautophagy, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, chronic inflammation, dysbiosis) plus 2025 expansions (extracellular-matrix changes, psychosocial isolation). The mechanism-vocabulary the book uses to map which intervention modulates which hallmark.